Python is often compared to other interpreted languages such as Java,JavaScript, Perl, Tcl, or Smalltalk. Comparisons to C++, Common Lispand Scheme can also be enlightening. In this section I will brieflycompare Python to each of these languages. These comparisonsconcentrate on language issues only. In practice, the choice of aprogramming language is often dictated by other real-world constraintssuch as cost, availability, training, and prior investment, or evenemotional attachment. Since these aspects are highly variable, itseems a waste of time to consider them much for this comparison.JavaPython programs are generally expected to run slower than Javaprograms, but they also take much less time to develop. Pythonprograms are typically 3-5 times shorter than equivalent Javaprograms. This difference can be attributed to Python's built-inhigh-level data types and its dynamic typing. For example, a Pythonprogrammer wastes no time declaring the types of arguments orvariables, and Python's powerful polymorphic list and dictionarytypes, for which rich syntactic support is built straight into thelanguage, find a use in almost every Python program. Because of therun-time typing, Python's run time must work harder than Java's. Forexample, when evaluating the expression a+b, it must first inspect theobjects a and b to find out their type, which is not known at compiletime. It then invokes the appropriate addition operation, which may bean overloaded user-defined method. Java, on the other hand, canperform an efficient integer or floating point addition, but requiresvariable declarations for a and b, and does not allow overloading ofthe + operator for instances of user-defined classes.For these reasons, Python is much better suited as a "glue" language,while Java is better characterized as a low-level implementationlanguage. In fact, the two together make an excellentcombination. Components can be developed in Java and combined to formapplications in Python; Python can also be used to prototypecomponents until their design can be "hardened" in a Javaimplementation. To support this type of development, a Pythonimplementation written in Java is under development, which allowscalling Python code from Java and vice versa. In this implementation,Python source code is translated to Java bytecode (with help from arun-time library to support Python's dynamic semantics).JavascriptPython's "object-based" subset is roughly equivalent toJavaScript. Like JavaScript (and unlike Java), Python supports aprogramming style that uses simple functions and variables withoutengaging in class definitions. However, for JavaScript, that's allthere is. Python, on the other hand, supports writing much largerprograms and better code reuse through a true object-orientedprogramming style, where classes and inheritance play an importantrole.PerlPython and Perl come from a similar background (Unix scripting, whichboth have long outgrown), and sport many similar features, but have adifferent philosophy. Perl emphasizes support for commonapplication-oriented tasks, e.g. by having built-in regularexpressions, file scanning and report generating features. Pythonemphasizes support for common programming methodologies such as datastructure design and object-oriented programming, and encouragesprogrammers to write readable (and thus maintainable) code byproviding an elegant but not overly cryptic notation. As aconsequence, Python comes close to Perl but rarely beats it in itsoriginal application domain; however Python has an applicability wellbeyond Perl's niche.TclLike Python, Tcl is usable as an application extension language, aswell as a stand-alone programming language. However, Tcl, whichtraditionally stores all data as strings, is weak on data structures,and executes typical code much slower than Python. Tcl also lacksfeatures needed for writing large programs, such as modularnamespaces. Thus, while a "typical" large application using Tclusually contains Tcl extensions written in C or C++ that are specificto that application, an equivalent Python application can often bewritten in "pure Python". Of course, pure Python development is muchquicker than having to write and debug a C or C++ component. It hasbeen said that Tcl's one redeeming quality is the Tk toolkit. Pythonhas adopted an interface to Tk as its standard GUI component library.Tcl 8.0 addresses the speed issuse by providing a bytecode compilerwith limited data type support, and adds namespaces. However, it isstill a much more cumbersome programming language.SmalltalkPerhaps the biggest difference between Python and Smalltalk isPython's more "mainstream" syntax, which gives it a leg up onprogrammer training. Like Smalltalk, Python has dynamic typing andbinding, and everything in Python is an object. However, Pythondistinguishes built-in object types from user-defined classes, andcurrently doesn't allow inheritance from built-in types. Smalltalk'sstandard library of collection data types is more refined, whilePython's library has more facilities for dealing with Internet and WWWrealities such as email, HTML and FTP.Python has a different philosophy regarding the developmentenvironment and distribution of code. Where Smalltalk traditionallyhas a monolithic "system image" which comprises both the environmentand the user's program, Python stores both standard modules and usermodules in individual files which can easily be rearranged ordistributed outside the system. One consequence is that there is morethan one option for attaching a Graphical User Interface (GUI) to aPython program, since the GUI is not built into the system.C++Almost everything said for Java also applies for C++, just more so:where Python code is typically 3-5 times shorter than equivalent Javacode, it is often 5-10 times shorter than equivalent C++ code!Anecdotal evidence suggests that one Python programmer can finish intwo months what two C++ programmers can't complete in a year. Pythonshines as a glue language, used to combine components written in C++.Common Lisp and SchemeThese languages are close to Python in their dynamic semantics, butso different in their approach to syntax that a comparison becomesalmost a religious argument: is Lisp's lack of syntax an advantage ora disadvantage? It should be noted that Python has introspectivecapabilities similar to those of Lisp, and Python programs canconstruct and execute program fragments on the fly. Usually,real-world properties are decisive: Common Lisp is big (in everysense), and the Scheme world is fragmented between many incompatibleversions, where Python has a single, free, compact implementation. 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